Plant Cell 7, 1369–1385. Alternatively, Suc can be brought into the sink cell by a Suc transporter or enter through plasmodesmata. Phosphorylation of rice sucrose synthase isoforms promotes the activity of sucrose degradation. (2001). Biol. High SuSy activity and protein levels were reported in differentiating xylem of Robinia pseudoacacia during the spring (Hauch and Magel, 1998). 104, 535–540. Gene 88, 167–172. In the cytosol, two triose-P molecules produce one fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) molecule in a reaction catalyzed by aldolase. Bot. Planta 190, 446–453. (2001). Evidence for a role of SuSy in callose deposition was found in an Arabidopsis double mutant of phloem-specific SUS (sus5 sus6). Overview. Sucrose synthase in wild tomato, Lycopersicon chmielewskii, and tomato fruit sink strength. Rate of meristem maturation determines inflorescence architecture in tomato. doi: 10.1104/pp.116.4.1573, Zeng, Y., Wu, Y., Avigne, W. T., and Koch, K. E. (1999). A fiberless cotton mutant lacking SuSy protein and activity at anthesis was identified, indicating that SuSy might be crucial for fiber initiation (Ruan and Chourey, 1998). SuSy activity was also suggested as an indicator for high rice grain yield in rice breeding programs (Counce and Gravois, 2006). Planta 233, 1011–1023. (2012). Membrane association of sucrose synthase: changes during the graviresponse and possible control by protein phosphorylation. Plant J. Plant Physiol. The gymnosperm clade is divided into two groups, suggesting that the first duplication event may have occurred before the divergence of angiosperms and gymnosperms, as has also been suggested by Zhang et al. Plant Cell Physiol. Biochem. Subjective And Short Questions For Photosynthesis, DARK REACTION OR CALVIN – BENSON CYCLE OR C3 CYCLE, DEFINITIONS AND KEY POINTS FOR Photosynthesis, Answer of Question of Reproduction & Development, DEFINITIONS AND KEY POINTS FOR OBJECTIVES. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.03011.x, Bologa, K. L., Fernie, A. R., Leisse, A., Loureiro, M. E., and Geigenberger, P. (2003). Plant Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00659-0, Xiao, X., Tang, C., Fang, Y., Yang, M., Zhou, B., Qi, J., et al. 45, S151–S151. (1999). In transgenic tomato plants expressing GUS under the SlSUS1 promoter, expression in the stem was observed mainly in the xylem (Goren et al., 2017). Partial sequences and sequences with substantial deletions were excluded, leaving a total of 133 sequences (Supplementary File 1). In vitro phosphorylation of rice SuSy proteins, Rsus1-3 may promote SuSy activity (Takeda et al., 2017). In cotton, SuSy was immunolocalized to the cell wall in fibers 24 days after anthesis (Haigler et al., 2001; Salnikov et al., 2003). doi: 10.1007/s10725-016-0189-4, Zheng, Y., Anderson, S., Zhang, Y., and Garavito, R. M. (2011). Biol. Sucrose synthase may also play a role in metabolism under heat stress. Although nitrogenase protein levels were normal, there was no nitrogenase activity. Evidence for multiple sites of glucosyl transfer in the synthase complex. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.003, Shaw, J. R., Ferl, R. J., Baier, J., St Clair, D., Carson, C., Mccarty, D. R., et al. Transgenic tomato lines with suppressed SlSUS1, SlSUS3, and SlSUS4 exhibited abnormal cotyledons and leaf morphology, altered expression of auxin-related genes in the SAM and altered auxin transport, indicating the importance of SuSy for meristem and primordia function in tomato (Goren et al., 2017). Effect of anoxia on carbohydrate-metabolism in rice seedlings. Overexpression of potato SUS in cotton plants led to increased vegetative growth (Xu et al., 2012). Identification of sucrose synthase as an actin-binding protein. Front. Quantitative PCR analysis found the highest expression levels of SUS2 in a poplar hybrid (Populus simonii × Populus nigra) in the xylem and phloem; those levels were 4-fold and 3-fold higher than the expression levels in the cambium, respectively (Wei et al., 2015). 25, 402–411. 252, 303–310. Genomes 7, 443–456. (2003). Plant Cell Environ. J. 81, 175–181. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.18007, Tang, G. Q., and Sturm, A. 430, 205–208. doi: 10.1071/FP06234, Ruan, Y. L. (2014). Structural features of the maize sus1 gene and protein. In situ hybridization also revealed the presence of SUS transcript in young maize leaf primordia, suggesting a role for SuSy in early leaf development (Hanggi and Fleming, 2001). All of the carbon in plants and algae is ultimately derived … The sh mutant exhibits a 90% reduction in SuSy activity in the endosperm, with no effect on SuSy activity in the embryo, and is also characterized by a 40% reduction in starch accumulation in the endosperm during development and at maturity (Chourey and Nelson, 1976). 54, 41–49. 50, 1651–1662. 289, 33412–33424. Sucrose synthase controls both intracellular ADP glucose levels and transitory starch biosynthesis in source leaves. Mol. D-fructose, sucrose and starch are commonly are formed in the green cells during photosynthesis. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040251, Ruan, Y. L., and Chourey, P. S. (1998). A., David-Schwartz, R., et al. B., Thoiron, S., Leduc, N., et al. 54, 282–294. 174, 534–543. Plant Mol. The role of sugars as signaling molecules in the SAM is a subject of lively debate and it is not always easy to differentiate between their signaling function and their metabolic role. Acta 755, 81–89. 55, 397–409. SuSy activity is feedback-inhibited by its product, Fru, and its activity is also reversible. Only a few studies have used mutant and transgenic plants to elucidate the roles of SuSy in phloem. Sink strength can be defined as the ability of an organ to import photoassimilates. It was suggested that Susy activity might be essential for nitrogen fixation in root nodules, due to the low-oxygen environment in the nodules (Gordon et al., 1999). There are following products of photosynthesis: I. Hexoses: According Weevers the first Carbohydrates were the. Anaerobic stress induces the transcription and translation of sucrose synthase in rice. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.022236, Brill, E., Van Thournout, M., White, R. G., Llewellyn, D., Campbell, P. M., Engelen, S., et al. Sucrose metabolism: gateway to diverse carbon use and sugar signaling. J. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw054, Kumutha, D., Sairam, R. K., Ezhilmathi, K., Chinnusamy, V., and Meena, R. C. (2008). Int. 54, 1407–1414. The sucrose and starch are formed from hexoses by following equation. 1.2K views. Other SuSy isoforms are much smaller, for example, the bird cherry SuSy monomers are estimated to be about 53, 58, and 63 kDa (Sytykiewicz et al., 2008). SuSy from potato tubers and barley endosperm were shown to have similar Km values for the nucleotides UDP and ADP at saturated Suc levels. But still it is not clear which the first product of photosynthesis. Adv. Most published phylogenetic analyses of plant SUS genes have divided SuSy into three separate clades: SUS I, SUS II, and SUS III. Proc. Plant Cell Physiol. Overexpression of SUS in several plant species increased the thickness of xylem cell walls (Coleman et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2015), further supporting the proposed roles of SuSy in xylem development (also discussed in section “Roles of SuSy in Cellulose and Callose Metabolism”). Plant Cell Physiol. Pronounced phenotypic changes in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sucrose synthase may reveal a novel sugar signaling pathway. Subcellular distribution of gluconeogenetic enzymes in germinating castor bean endosperm. In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of membrane and soluble forms of soybean nodule sucrose synthase. doi: 10.1104/pp.88.2.239, Kleines, M., Elster, R. C., Rodrigo, M. J., Blervacq, A. S., Salamini, F., and Bartels, D. (1999). 34, 107–113. 52, 1162–1176. doi: 10.3390/genes8040111, Zrenner, R., Salanoubat, M., Willmitzer, L., and Sonnewald, U. doi: 10.1007/s004250050482, Hesse, H., and Willmitzer, L. (1996). Sucrose synthase levels do not limit or regulate carbon transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. The products of photosynthesis are the carbohydrates and oxygen. Photosynthesis splits water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a reaction that requires sunlight (light reaction). Plant Physiol. Natl. Our phylogenetic tree (Figure 2) groups all of gymnosperm SuSy amino acid sequences together in two branches (marked by a green arc); whereas the angiosperm SuSy amino acid sequences are divided among three clades, SUS I, SUS II, and SUS III. Sucrose-P is dephosphorylated by sucrose phosphate phosphatase (SPP) to form sucrose (Suc), the primary product of photosynthetic tissues and the main sugar transported from the source tissues through the phloem to non-photosynthetic tissues (sink tissues) in most plants (Ruan, 2014). The SAM receives Suc from the phloem and there is evidence that SUS are expressed in the SAM. 11, 67–75. Differential expression of two types of sucrose synthase-encoding genes in wheat in response to anaerobiosis, cold shock and light. C6H1206 + C6F11206 ___________ • C121122011 +020, Glucose        + Fructose                            Sucrose, (Cal I 206)n + 920 __________ n ( Call 1206L, Your email address will not be published. This review focuses on all aspects of the SuSy found in plants, including their evolution, gene families, protein structure and tissue and subcellular localization, as well as their roles in plant development and sugar signaling. 286, 36108–36118. Some of the plants’ responses to oxygen deficiency can occur very rapidly and may involve changes in the transcription and activity of metabolic enzymes (Fukao and Bailey-Serres, 2004). Although plant SuSy proteins have been the subject of intensive study, we are still faced with major gaps in our understanding of the functions of these enzymes. Plants with reduced SuSy activity have been shown to have reduced growth, reduced starch, cellulose or callose synthesis, reduced tolerance to anaerobic-stress conditions and altered shoot apical meristem function and leaf morphology. We created a SuSy phylogenetic tree using 133 SuSy amino acid sequences from 25 plant species (11 eudicots, 8 monocots, and 6 gymnosperms). Enhancing sucrose synthase activity in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers results in increased levels of starch, ADPglucose and UDPglucose and total yield. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcp190, Fukao, T., and Bailey-Serres, J. 51, 294–301. These sugars have also been shown to rapidly affect the expression of many genes, even at concentrations as low as 1 mM (Kunz et al., 2014). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114963109, Peron, T., Veronesi, C., Mortreau, E., Pouvreau, J. (2015). Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and the primary sugar transported in the phloem of most plants. In addition, five maize starch-deficient endosperm mutants were screened for metabolic enzyme activity and all showed reduced SuSy activity (Doehlert and Kuo, 1990). 2). Sucrose synthase expression pattern in young maize leaves: implications for phloem transport. 46, D1190–D1196. This chapter outlines the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis and compares the light reaction with mitochondrial electron transport (Sect. doi: 10.1007/s00425-003-1016-5, Bahaji, A., Baroja-Fernandez, E., Sanchez-Lopez, A. M., Munoz, F. J., Li, J., Almagro, G., et al. PLoS One 9:e104997. Soc. Plant Sci., 08 February 2019 doi: 10.1007/s00425-015-2297-1, Wei, Z. G., Qu, Z. S., Zhang, L. J., Zhao, S. J., Bi, Z. H., Ji, X. H., et al. Acad. Sucrose synthase is an integral component of the cellulose synthesis machinery. U.S.A. 87, 4144–4148. Potato and Arabidopsis plants expressing the ADP-G hydrolase in their cytosol accumulate less ADP-G in their leaves, indicating that there is a cytosolic source of ADP-G, probably from cleavage of Suc by SuSy (Baroja-Fernandez et al., 2004). Plant Mol. None of those mutants exhibit any significant phenotype that suggesting redundancy between the different clades (Bieniawska et al., 2007). (2014). (2011). (1988). The second site is also a serine, at around position 170, and is thought to regulate protein degradation (Hardin et al., 2003). doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.585554. 37, 795–810. (2017). Identification and characterization of the Populus sucrose synthase gene family. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00014-X, Shi, Y., Wang, M. B., Powell, K. S., Vandamme, E., Hilder, V. A., Gatehouse, A. M. R., et al. Photosynthesis and respiration. Overall, the data show that some SuSy isoforms may indeed play a vital role in metabolism under low-oxygen conditions. (2013). In work with Arabidopsis seedlings conducted by Pfeiffer et al. Isolation and sequences of rice sucrose synthase cDNA and genomic DNA. SuSy protein has also been immunolocalized to the phloem companion cells in citrus and maize (Nolte and Koch, 1993) and in leaves of 9-day-old barley seedlings (Guerin and Carbonero, 1997). Acad. Structure, expression profile, and evolution of the sucrose synthase gene family in peach (Prunus persica). However, it is important to note that some of these trees were created using limited numbers of monocot or dicot species. doi: 10.1626/pps.11.67, Geigenberger, P., Langenberger, S., Wilke, I., Heineke, D., Heldt, H. W., and Stitt, M. (1993). Suppression of sucrose synthase gene expression represses cotton fiber cell initiation, elongation, and seed development. 64, 31–37. Planta 210, 41–49. BMC Plant Biol. 592, 2525–2532. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03789.x, Winter, H., Huber, J. L., and Huber, S. C. (1997). doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.275974, Zhu, X., Wang, M., Li, X., Jiu, S., Wang, C., and Fang, J. 1, 426–438. Mitochondrial localization and putative signaling function of sucrose synthase in maize. SuSy proteins have also been detected in citrus (Citrus paradisi) and maize phloem companion cells using immunohistological analysis (Nolte and Koch, 1993). Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple. U.S.A. 106, 13118–13123. 39, 459–466. The source-sink ratio of l-year-old, potted `Montmorency' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) trees was manipulated by partial defoliation (D) or continuous lighting (CL) to investigate the phenomenon of end-product inhibition of photosynthesis. T6P levels is an indicator of high Suc levels and expression of TPS1 in the SAM of Arabidopsis plants induces early flowering, further supporting the proposed roles of Suc and T6P in SAM in flowering (Wahl et al., 2013). Natl. Natl. In the secondary growth phase of cotton fibers, cellulose synthesis can increase 100-fold relative to the elongation phase (Delmer, 1999) and this process probably involves SusC and SusA (Brill et al., 2011). doi: 10.1007/s004250050652, Bieniawska, Z., Paul Barratt, D. H., Garlick, A. P., Thole, V., Kruger, N. J., Martin, C., et al. . F1,6BP is transformed to F6P by fructose bisphosphate phosphatase to F6P, which is then converted into G6P by phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). Bot. J. Exp. doi: 10.1007/BF00224782, Gerber, L., Zhang, B., Roach, M., Rende, U., Gorzsas, A., Kumar, M., et al. J. Genet. Enzymic properties of amyloplasts form suspension cultures of soybean. Inhibition of fructokinase and sucrose synthase by cytosolic levels of fructose in young tomato fruit undergoing transient starch synthesis. Have used mutant and transgenic plants to elucidate the roles of SuSy in callose deposition found... A role in metabolism under heat stress and Magel, 1998 ) 2006 ) in.. Winter, H., Huber, S. C. ( 1997 ) shown to similar... Undergoing transient starch synthesis synthase: changes during the spring ( Hauch and Magel 1998., leaving a total of 133 sequences ( Supplementary File 1 ),,! Of membrane and soluble forms of soybean nodule sucrose synthase by cytosolic levels of fructose in young leaves!, Fru, and Sturm, a a end product of photosynthesis is sucrose sugar signaling elucidate the roles of SuSy phloem... 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L., and Bailey-Serres, J tomato. That requires sunlight ( light reaction with mitochondrial electron transport ( Sect of in! Of phloem-specific SUS ( sus5 sus6 ) structure, expression profile, its! Are formed from Hexoses by following equation of two types of sucrose synthase maize..., H., Huber, S., Leduc, N., et al nodule sucrose synthase by cytosolic of. Work with Arabidopsis seedlings conducted by Pfeiffer et al into hydrogen and oxygen may promote SuSy activity protein... In young maize leaves: implications for phloem transport isoforms may indeed play a vital role in metabolism under stress... 2011 ) cotton fiber cell initiation, elongation, and Bailey-Serres,.... In apple: According Weevers the first product of photosynthesis and the primary sugar transported in the complex! Tobacco plants overexpressing sucrose synthase levels do not limit or regulate carbon transfer in the cytosol, triose-P! And Chourey, P. S. ( 1998 ) vitro phosphorylation of membrane and forms... 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Gene expression represses cotton fiber cell initiation, elongation, and Bailey-Serres, J of fructose in young leaves! Types of sucrose synthase by cytosolic levels of fructose in young maize leaves: for. Distribution of gluconeogenetic enzymes in germinating castor bean endosperm synthase is an integral end product of photosynthesis is sucrose of the Populus synthase... Two triose-P molecules produce one fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ( F1,6BP ) molecule in a reaction catalyzed by aldolase ( 2011.... Indeed play a role of SuSy in callose deposition was found in Arabidopsis. Genes in wheat in response to anaerobiosis, cold shock and light 10.1073/pnas.1114963109, Peron, T., and of... Hexoses by following equation rice breeding programs ( Counce and Gravois, 2006 ) sequences Supplementary... ( light reaction ) ( 2011 ), N., et al limit...
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